The article presents the major findings of a comprehensive study (White Paper on Civil Protection) accomplished by the Center for National Security and Defense Research (CNSDR) in the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS). The research is presently further developed within the framework of a NATO Science for Peace Project SFP-981149 for building new capabilities in Decision Making Support for the Bulgarian Security Sector. The main goal of this article is to assess the status and prospects ahead of the system for protection of population and critical infrastructure. The fundamental principles of the Concept for Civil Security of the Republic of Bulgaria have been formulated within the context of the establishment of an integrated security sector. An institutionalized civil security system is considered “the third pillar” of the security sector in Bulgaria. Three main alternatives for development of civil security system are put forward. The first alternative is a result of a narrow interpretation and application of the newly adopted Crisis Management Act. The second alternative offers a broader interpretation and application of the Crisis Management Act. This alternative envisages maximum interdepartmental coordination – “a quasi ministry, whereas a ministry is not actually established.” The third alternative envisages the establishment of a new Ministry of Civil Security. The development of a Center of Excellence in Security Sector Transformation in Bulgaria is proposed to provide scientific support to the effective transformation of the civil security system and the implementation of the Crisis Management Law.