35
Views
142
Downloads
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Reviewed article

The Cyberwar Debate: Perception and Politics in US Critical Infrastructure Protection

Ralf Bendrath
How to cite:
Ralf Bendrath
"The Cyberwar Debate: Perception and Politics in US Critical Infrastructure Protection"
Information & Security: An International Journal,
7,
(2001):
80-103.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/isij.0705

The Cyberwar Debate: Perception and Politics in US Critical Infrastructure Protection

07.05_Bendrath.pdf

Authors:

Ralf Bendrath

Source:

Information & Security: An International Journal,
Volume: 7,
p.80-103
(2001)

Keywords:

cyberwar, Information society, risk perception, risk society, cyber risks: physical vs. virtual, US policy response, cyber attacks, critical information infrastructures, information warfare, public-private sector partnership

Abstract:

When combating the risk of cyber attacks on critical infrastructures was adopted as part of the political agenda of the US, it was framed mostly in military terms like “cyberwar” or “information warfare.” The security strategy implemented in 1998 and elaborated in the “National Plan for Information Systems Protection” in January 2000 shows a very different direction. Instead of a military approach, it consists of law enforcement, private-public partnership, and private and public self-help. Three factors led to this outcome: Differing risk perceptions in law enforcement and the private sector, private control over the technical resources, and constraining cultural and legal norms. The American policy against cyber attacks, thus, is an example for a failed “securitization.”

35
Views
142
Downloads
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
69
Citations
Samuel Zilincik, Isabelle Duyvesteyn
"Strategic studies and cyber warfare."
Journal of Strategic Studies
(2023):
Nadiza Lediwara, Hondor Saragih, Rudy Gultom, Emirul Mukmin, Gutri Zuwa, Ray Fajri
" Finite State Automata On The Administrative Selection System Of New Student Admission in Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia."
2022 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems (ICACSIS)
(2022):
Ahmet Arslan
"Neorealist Analysis of Security Dilemma in Cyberspace; A Quantitative Study."
Political Science and International Relations
(2023):
Samuel Zilincik, Isabelle Duyvesteyn
"Strategic studies and cyber warfare."
Journal of Strategic Studies
(2023):
Robert Siudak
"Cybersecurity discourses and their policy implications."
Journal of Cyber Policy
8
(2023):
Tianjiao Jiang
"The Shift of China’s Strategic Thinking on Cyberwarfare Since the 1990s."
Journal of Chinese Political Science
(2022):
Bryan Nakayama
"Information vs the cyberspace domain ."
Journal of Cyber Policy
(2022):
Michael Fischerkeller, Emily Goldman, Richard Harknett
"Cyber Persistence Theory: Redefining National Security in Cyberspace."
(2022):
Sean Lawson
"Beyond Cyber-Doom: Cyberattack Scenarios and the Evidence of History."
Working Paper
11,
no. 01
(2011):
Richardus Indrajit, Marsetio Marsetio, Rudy Gultom, Pujo Widodo, Resmanto Putro, Pantja Djati, Siswo Hadi, Budi Pramono, Luhut Simbolon
"Unraveling the Complexity of Developing a National Cyber Defense Sovereignty Policy: A Case Study of Indonesia."
2021 Sixth International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC)
(2021):
James Shires
"The Politics of Cybersecurity in the Middle East."
(2021):
Nicolas Schuierer
"Securitisation of the 5G rollout in Germany: An analysis ofthe extent to which the 5G rollout in Germany has been securitised."
European Politics and Society (MA)
(2021):
Edward McDonald
"Energy Security in the Age of Interconnection: Cyber-threat Framing in British Political Discourse ."
Faculty of Social Studies
Master's Thesis
(2019):
Synthia Jones, Bernard Flowers, Karlton Johnson
"To Wield Excalibur: Seeking Unity of Effort in Joint Information Operations."
(2002):
Božo Kovačević
"Američko javno-privatno partnerstvo i cyber sigurnost."
Politička misao
51,
no. 3
(2014):
76-100.
Crystal Williams
"The socialization of secure computing practices for home internet users: A quantitative analysis of individual perceptions."
Doctor of Philosophy
(2015):
"Technology in the 21st Century."
(2012):
Max Smeets
"Organisational integration of offensive cyber capabilities: A primer on the benefits and risks."
2017 9th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon)
(2017):
Shalin Hai-Jew
"Inducing Six-Word Stories From Curated Text Sets to Anticipate Cyberwar in 4IR."
Handbook of Research on Information and Cyber Security in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
(2018):
Brittany Hoskins
"The Rhetoric of Commoditized Vulnerabilities: Ethical Discourses in Cybersecurity."
Master of Arts
(2015):
Lawrence Ampofo
"Terrorism 3.0: Understanding Perceptions of Technology, Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Spain."
Department of Politics and International Relations
D. Phil in Politics and International Relations
(2011):
Mathieu Labrie
"La Sécurisation du Cyberterrorisme aux États-Unis."
Maîtrise en science politique
(2011):
Hans-Georg Ehrhart, Hendrik Hegemann, Martin Kahl
"Putting security governance to the test."
(2015):
Myriam Cavelty
"Like a Phoenix from the Ashes: The Reinvention of Critical Infrastructure Protection as Distributed Security."
Securing the homeland
(2008):
Hans Simons
"Consensual Hallucinations the Politics of Identity in Dutch Cyber Security Policy."
Master of Science in Political Science
(2014):
Dan Hughes
"A discourse in conflict: resolving the definitional uncertainty of cyber war."
Master of Arts in Defence and Security Studies
(2017):
Sean Lawson
"Beyond Cyber-Doom: Assessing the Limits of Hypothetical Scenarios in the Framing of Cyber-Threats."
Journal of Information Technology & Politics
10,
no. 1
(2013):
Myriam Cavelty
"From Cyber-Bombs to Political Fallout: Threat Representations with an Impact in the Cyber-Security Discourse."
International Studies Review
15
(2013):
105–122.
Gregor Walter
"Internetkriminalität: eine Schattenseite der Globalisierung."
(2008):
Sean Lawson
"Motivating Cybersecurity: Assessing the Status of Critical Infrastructure as an Object of Cyber Threats."
Securing Critical Infrastructures and Critical Control Systems: Approaches for Threat Protection
(2013):
168-189.
Fernando Mendez
"The European Union and cybercrime: insights from comparative federalism."
Journal of European Public Policy
12,
no. 3
(2005):
Athina Karatzogianni
"Cyber-Conflict and Global Politics."
(2009):
Piotr Siudak
"Redefining cybersecurity through processual ontology of the cyberspace."
Politeja
50,
no. 14
(2017):
194-211.
Cameran Ashraf
"The Spatiality of Power in Internet Control and Cyberwar."
Doctor of Philosophy in Geography
(2015):
Tim Stevens
"Cyber Security and the Politics of Time."
(2016):
Sean Lawson
"Beyond cyber-doom: Cyberattack Scenarios and the Evidence of History."
(2011):
Max Smeets
"Integrating offensive cyber capabilities: meaning, dilemmas, and assessment."
Defence Studies
18,
no. 4
(2018):
"Securing the homeland: critical infrastructure, risk and (in)security. Introduction ."
Securing 'the Homeland': Critical Infrastructure, Risk and (In)Security
(2008):
Rebecca Slayton
"What Is the Cyber Offense-Defense Balance? Conceptions, Causes, and Assessment."
International Security
41,
no. 3
(2017):
Giampiero Giacomello
"National Governments and Control of the Internet: A Digital Challenge."
(2004):
James Boys
"The Clinton administration’s development and implementation of cybersecurity strategy (1993–2001)."
Intelligence and National Security
33,
no. 5
(2018):
Miguel Gomez
"Arming Cyberspace: The Militarization of a Virtual Domain."
Global Security and Intelligence Studies
1,
no. 2
(2016):
Marko Eskola
"From Risk Society to Network Society: Preventing Cybercrimes in the 21st Century."
Journal of Applied Security Research
7,
no. 1
(2012):
David Barnard-Wills, Debi Ashenden
"Securing Virtual Space: Cyber War, Cyber Terror, and Risk."
Space and Culture
XX,
no. X
(2012):
1– 14.
Myriam Cavelty
"Cyber-Terror– Looming Threat or Phantom Menace? The Framing of the US Cyber-Threat Debate."
Journal of Information Technology & Politics
4,
no. 1
(2007):
Jordon Tomblin
"The Rehearsal and Performance of Lawful Access."
Master of Arts in Sociology: Specialization in Digital Humanities
(2015):
Debi Ashenden
"Cyber Security: Time for Engagement and Debate."
European Conference on Information Warfare and Security
(2011):
Myriam Cavelty
"Die materiellen Ursachen des Cyberkriegs Cybersicherheitspolitik jenseits diskursiver Erklärungen."
Journal of self-regulation and regulation
01
(2015):
Myriam Cavelty
"Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Overview."
(2008):
Gary Rawnsley
"Old Wine in New Bottles: China-Taiwan Computer-Based 'Information Warfare' and Propaganda."
International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-)
81,
no. 5
(2005):
1061-1078 .
Johan Eriksson, Giampiero Giacomello, Hamoud Salhi, Myriam Cavelty, J. Singh, M. Franklin
"Who Controls the Internet? Beyond the Obstinacy or Obsolescence of the State."
International Studies Review
11,
no. 1
(2009):
205-230 .
Myriam Cavelty
"Cyber-security and threat politics: US efforts to secure the information age."
(2007):
Johan Eriksson, Giampiero Giacomello
"The Information Revolution, Security, and International Relations: (IR) Relevant Theory?."
International Political Science Review
27,
no. 3
(2006):
221-244.
Fernando Mendez
"The Governance and Regulation of the Internet in the European Union, the United States and Switzerland: A comparative federalism approach."
Department of Political and Social Sciences
PhD theses
(2007):
Lorenzo Valeri
"Public–private cooperation and information assurance: A liberal institutionalist approach."
International Relations and Security in the Digital Age
(2007):
132-157.
Myriam Cavelty
"A Comparative Analysis of Cybersecurity Initiatives Worldwide."
WSIS Thematic Meeting on Cybersecurity
(2005):
D. Persoglia
"Between Defence and Offence: An Analysis of the US 'Cyber Strategic Culture'."
International Security, Intelligence and Strategic Studies (SECINTEL)
MSc
(2018):
Sean Lawson
"Font Size Current Issue Atom logo."
New York: Free Press
(2017):
49–73.
Eva Nagyfejeo
"Transatlantic collaboration in countering cyberterrorism."
Terrorism Online: Politics, Law and Technology
(2015):
Oliver Read
"How the 2010 Attack on Google Changed the US Government’s Threat Perception of Economic Cyber Espionage."
Cyberspace and International Relations
(2014):
203-230 .
James Shires
"Enacting Expertise: Ritual and Risk in Cybersecurity."
Politics and Governance
6,
no. 2
(2018):
31–40.
Hubert Soyer
"Internet Science Risk, Risk Perception, and Cyberwar."
Network Architectures and Services
(2013):
Raphael Bossong
"Critical Infrastructure and Critical Information Infrastructure Protection: The Hew Frontier of EU Internal Security."
Challenges and Critiques of the EU Internal Security Strategy: Rights, Power and Security
(2017):
Sean Lawson
"Putting the “war” in cyberwar: Metaphor, analogy, and cybersecurity discourse in the United States."
First Monday
17,
no. 7
(2012):
49–73.
"Tag Archives: technology."
(2012):
Božo Kovačević
"Cyberwar – Američka Izlika za Novi Hladni Rat?."
Polemos
16,
no. 2
(2013):
91-110.
Raphael Bossong
"The European Programme for the protection of critical infrastructures–meta-governing a new security problem?."
European Security
23,
no. 2
(2014):
Justine Chauvin
"NATO Cyber Defence Policy An adaptation to the emerging threats of the 21st century, or the resurgence of Cold War logic in the “fifth battlefield”?."
Department of International Politics
MA
(2014):
Justine Chauvin
"Book Review: Cyber War Will Not Take Place."
Interstate - Journal of International Affairs
2015/2016,
no. 2
(2015):