@article{21224,
  keywords = {flood fighting, flood protection, infrastructure, investment, Japan, risk mapping},
  author = {Mikio Ishiwatari},
  title = {Evolving Concept of Resilience: Soft Measures of Flood Risk Management in Japan},
  abstract = {<p>The concept of resilience is evolving to reflect various changes in climate, socio-economy, technology, etc. This article provides analysis of areas affecting resilience by reviewing the policy change of flood risk management, in particular soft measures, in Japan. Japan has coped with natural disasters throughout its history and succeeded in reducing flood damage. In particular, the government had invested in infrastructure of flood protection at the level of 1 % of the National Income for the last half-century and thus became able to protect major cities from flooding by major rivers. While major rivers are well protected, risk areas adjacent to small rivers and hill areas remain exposed to repeated flooding. From the 2000s, the country is expanding soft measures, such as hazard mapping, early warning and promoting evacuation to protect people’s lives. The article examines evolving processes of soft measures by reviewing the revision of flood-fighting law. It was found that the concept of resilience in soft measures is evolving according to various changes, such as financial constrain, decreasing investment in infrastructure, aging population, urbanization, technology development, and climate. Based on lessons from the evolving concept of resilience, the author recommends that developing countries should implement soft measures considering various changes in socioeconomic and natural conditions and invest in infrastructure.</p>},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Connections: The Quarterly Journal},
  volume = {19},
  chapter = {99},
  pages = {99-107},
  month = {Summer 2020},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.11610/Connections.19.3.07},
  language = {eng},
}