01406nas a2200181   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260000900043653001800052653001800070653001200088653002000100100001900120245003100139300001000170490000700180520103700187       2020                            d  c202010acyber warfare10aCybersecurity10ahackers10aRisk Assessment1 aAlfredo Ronchi00a21st Century Cyber Warfare  a53-610 v443 a<p>This article provides a synthetic description of the discontinuity between the evolution of warfare as it was in a pre-cyber era and the switch to cyber warfare. The evolution from bronze to iron weapons, and later to gunpower weapons and flying objects does not compare with the cyber era warfare; even UAVs and “intelligent” rockets do not provide a significant understanding of the actual and near future scenarios. Cyber technology is nowadays pervasive and utilised world-wide. Global networking is one of the building blocks of our society, communication, information, government, health, education, mobility, markets, the list of involved sectors is endless, all of them rely on cyber security and the trustfulness of the information provided through the network. An ever-increasing volume of information is flowing through the network including messages concerning future risks or cyber-weapons. There is a clear need to adopt a renovated set of countermeasures to face and possibly cancel or mitigate such harms.</p>