01952nas a2200205   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001600043653001900059653002100078653001900099653001500118653001000133653001700143100002100160245008400181300001100265490000700276520146300283       2020                            d  cSummer 202010aflood fighting10aflood protection10ainfrastructure10ainvestment10aJapan10arisk mapping1 aMikio Ishiwatari00aEvolving Concept of Resilience: Soft Measures of Flood Risk Management in Japan  a99-1070 v193 a<p>The concept of resilience is evolving to reflect various changes in climate, socio-economy, technology, etc. This article provides analysis of areas affecting resilience by reviewing the policy change of flood risk management, in particular soft measures, in Japan. Japan has coped with natural disasters throughout its history and succeeded in reducing flood damage. In particular, the government had invested in infrastructure of flood protection at the level of 1 % of the National Income for the last half-century and thus became able to protect major cities from flooding by major rivers. While major rivers are well protected, risk areas adjacent to small rivers and hill areas remain exposed to repeated flooding. From the 2000s, the country is expanding soft measures, such as hazard mapping, early warning and promoting evacuation to protect people’s lives. The article examines evolving processes of soft measures by reviewing the revision of flood-fighting law. It was found that the concept of resilience in soft measures is evolving according to various changes, such as financial constrain, decreasing investment in infrastructure, aging population, urbanization, technology development, and climate. Based on lessons from the evolving concept of resilience, the author recommends that developing countries should implement soft measures considering various changes in socioeconomic and natural conditions and invest in infrastructure.</p>