02411nas a2200253   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001600043653002600059653002900085653001200114653001700126653004900143653002000192653001300212653003300225653003100258653002400289100001800313245007400331300001000405490000700415520173500422       2021                            d  cWinter 202110aexternal intelligence10aHungarian Defence Forces10aHungary10aintelligence10ainternal intelligence or counterintelligence10alessons learned10amilitary10amilitary intelligence reform10anational security services10apolitical situation1 aAndras Hugyik00aLessons Learned from Military Intelligence Services Reform in Hungary  a33-490 v203 a<p>The classic types of national security services are external and internal intelligence services, as well as integrated, internal, and external intelligence organizations. From a professional perspective, external and internal intelligence cannot be interpreted as entirely independent. Some theoretical schools consider internal intelligence (counterintelligence) part of intelligence; others attribute a significant distinction between internal and external intelligence. Regarding the number of national security services, two trends are observed in countries comparable to Hungary in the last decade. One is the increase in the number of services reflecting the increasing number and complexity of tasks and threats; the other is the decrease in the number of services through the integration of existing organizations, usually due to financial reasons.<br>In Hungary, military internal and external intelligence were merged in 2012, establishing an integrated organization, the Military National Security Service (MNSS). Although an impact assessment did not precede the merger, the official evaluation of the Court of Auditors in January 2014 stated that the creation of NMSS resulted in savings in public money and this new organizational form ensured the better implementation of unchanged tasks.<br>This article briefly presents the current political situation in Hungary, the Hungarian secret services, the development of the Hungarian Defence Forces in the past decade, the reasons for reforming the special military services, the periods, the aims, and the results of the integration process. It provides general and specific conclusions and lessons learned from military intelligence services reform in Hungary.</p>